Clauses - Linking verbs

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11.11.23 1Clauses - Linking verbs • Sentences can consist of main and subordinate clauses. • Subordinate clauses can be:   noun clauses: • I know that he'll be a little late.   relative clauses: • Show me the pictures which you took.   adverbial clauses (clauses of time, place, m anner, reason, concession, purpose, result, comparison, condition) • He left early so as not to miss the bus.

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11.11.23 2• Relative Clauses • Relative clauses are introduced by : • a) relative pronouns , i.e. who, whom, whose, which or that or • b) relative adverbs i.e. when, where or why. • Relative Pronouns   Subject of the verb of the relative clause (can not be omitted) • Used for people who / that • That's the man who / that stole the money. • Used for things / animals which / that • I read a book which / that was written by Samuel Johnson.

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11.11.23 3  Object of the verb of the relative clause ( can be omitted ) • Used for people whom / who / that • The man (who / whom / that) you saw last night was my uncle. • Used for things / animals which / that • The cat ( which / that ) you saw lying on the sofa is my favou ri te one.   Possession ( cannot be omitted) • Used for people whose • That's the girl whose brother is a singer. • Used for things / animals whose / of which • That's the coat the sleeves of which / whose sleeves are made of velvet.

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11.11.23 4 Whom, which, whose can be used in expressions of quantity w i th of (some of, many of, half of etc)  She received a lot of postcards. Most of them were from her friends.     She received a lot of postcards, most of which w ere from her friends.  That can be used instead of who , whom or which but it is never used after commas or prepositions . • She's the actress who / that was a w arded first prize. • The man in the corner, who /that is sitting next to Jane, is my uncle. ("that" is not possible.)

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11.11.23 5• Relative Adverbs • Time  when (= in/on/at vvhich )     1 982 was the year ( when ) I moved to Wales. • Place  where (= in/at/on/to vvhich )     That's the hotel where we spent our honey - moon. • Reason  why (= for which )     That's the reason ( why ) they were celebrat in g. • Prepositîons in Relative Clauses • We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns. • The house in which she lives is in the suburbs . (formal - not usual) • The house which she lives in is in the suburbs. (usual) • The house  she lives in is in the suburbs. (more usual)

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11.11.23 6• Fill in: where, whose, who, which, why or when. • Having visited a few countries 1) ... where .... the climate is different to yours, you will appreciate how important it is to plan carefully before travelling. • Not planning well enough is the reason 2) ............ some holidays can go wrong. • 2) why • A holiday 3) ............ involves a lot of w alking, for example, means you need to go at a time 4) ............ it is neither too hot nor too cold. • 3) w hich – 4) when • It also means you need to plan to go with someone 5 ) ............ enjoys walking and 6) ............ stamina is equal to yours. • 5) w ho – 6) whose

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11.11.23 7• A travel companion 7) ............ likes the same things as you is ideal, but it's very difficult to meet someone 8) ............ likes and dislikes are exactly the same as yours. • 7) who – 8) whose • In any case, you need to decide on a holiday 9) ............ suits both of you and a country 10) ............ climate is not uncomfortable for either of you. • 9) Which – 10) whose • Rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible. 1. That's the zoo where they took the tiger. That's the zoo to which they took the tiger. That's the zoo  they took the tiger to.

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11.11.23 82. The place where you went is my home town.     The place to which you went is my home town.     The place  you went to is my town. 3. That's the girl  he gave the present to.     That’s the girl to whom he gave the present.     That’s the girl who he gave the present to. 4. He's the one person on whom she can depend .      He is the one person who / that she can depend on.     He is the one person  she can depend on. 5. This is the park where the village fair is held.     This is the park in which the village fair is held.   This is the park  the village fair is held in.

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11.11.23 9• Defining / Non-defining Relative Clauses • A defining relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main clause. It is not put between commas . • People who hunt illegally should be punished. • A non-defining relative clause gives extra information which is not essential to the meaning of the main clause. It is put between commas. • Her mother , who is a kind woman, has helped her a lot. • Note how the commas change the meaning of the sentence. • The players , who were involved in the fight, were sent off the pitch , (all the players were sent off.) • The players who were involved in the fight were sent off the pitch, (only the players who were involved in the fight were sent off)

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11.11.23 10• What is the difference between these sentences?   My son , who lives in New York, is an enginer.   My son who lives in Manchester is a psychologist. • (My son , who lives in New York , is an enginer. I have only one son. He lives in New York. • ( My son who lives in Manchester is a psychologist..) I have more than one son. One of them lives in Manchester.)   Politicians who tell lies are to be despired.   Politicians , who tell lies, are to be despired. • ( Politicians who tell lies are to be despired. Who tell lies tell us which piliticians are odious.) • (Politicians , who tell lies, are to be despired. The clause who tell lies suggests that all the politicians tell lies. It is not necessary to identify only those that deceive – they all do! )

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11.11.23 11  I had a cocktail , which was very unusual.   I had a cocktail that was very unusual. • (I had a cocktail , which was very unusual. Having a cocktail is very unusual, not the cocktail.) • (I had a cocktail that was very unusual . The unusual thing is the cocktail itself.)   I have met the man I want to marry.   I have met the man that I want to marry. • (There is no difference. That is ommitted in the first sentence.)   I don’t know where to park the car .   I don’t know where I parked the car. • (I don’t know where to park the car . I can’t find a space to park my car.) • (I don’t know where I parked the car. I parked my car somewhere else. I can’t find where.)

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11.11.23 12• Fill in the relative pronoun adding commas where necessary. Write (D) for defining, (ND) for non-defining and whether the relative pronoun can be omitted or not. • 1. That's the man ... who/that ... I was talking about. . D ..omitted • 2. Her school ...................... is very old is closing down. • Her school , which is very old , is closing down. ND not omitted • 3. Have you seen the pencil . ......... .... I bought yesterday? • Have you seen the pencil which / that I bought yesterday? D omitted • 4. Ann e ....... contract expires next week is looking for another job. • Ann , whose contract expires next week , is looking for another job. ND not omitted • 5. This house ............... he inherited from his parents is worth a fortune. • This house , which he inherited from his parents , is worth a fortune. ND not omitted • 6. The company ...................... I set up last year is expanding. • The company which / that I set up last year is expanding. D omitted

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11.11.23 13• 7. She is the singer............. latest record reached the top of the charts. • She is the singer whose latest record reached the top of the charts. • D not omitted • 8. I've never met anyone before ...................... was quite so rude. • I've never met anyone before who / that was quite so rude. • D not omitted • 9. This jumper........... my grandmother knitted for me is too small. • This jumper , w hich my grandmother knitted for me , is too small. • ND not omitted • 10 . The necklace ...................... I bought in Egypt is very old. • The necklace which / that I bought in Egypt is very old. D omitted • 11 . They are the friends ........... invited us to their daughter's wedding. • They are the friends who / that invited us to their daughter's wedding. D not omitted • 12 . The documentary ...................... I saw last night was very informative. • The documentary which / that I saw last night was very informative. D omitted

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11.11.23 14• 13 . Elephants .................. are hunted for ivory are becoming extinct. • Elephants which / that are hunted for ivory are becoming extinct. D omitted ( also ND) Elephants, which are hunted for ivory , are becoming extinct. • 14 . The girl ........... ...... speaks four languages is in my class. • The girl who /that speaks four languages is in my class. D not omitted • 15 . This is the hospital ...................... was built in 1920. • This is the hospital which / that was built in 1920. D not omitted • 16. The police are looking for a man ...................... car was found abandoned in Newcastle last night. • The police are looking for a man whose car was found abandoned in Newcastle last night . D not omitted

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11.11.23 15• 17 . That man ...................... name is Bill stole my purse. • That man , whose name is Bill , stole my purse. • N D ,not omitted • 18 . She is a person ...................... I shall always be grateful to. • She is a person who / that I shall always be grateful to. D omitted • 19 . He's the man ...................... she's going to marry. • He's the man who / that she's going to marry. D omitted • 20 . This book ...................... is about Vietnam is fascinating. • This book , which is about Vietnam , is fascinating. ND not omittet • 21 . I know few people ......... are as considerate as she is. • I know few people who / that are as considerate as she is . D not omitted

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11.11.23 16• 22 . His group .......... is touring Europe is called "Blunt". • His group , which is touring Europe , is called "Blunt". ND not omitted • 23 . The woman ........ dog was stolen is offering a reward. • The woman whose dog was stolen is offering a reward. • D not omitted • 24 . I met a really interesting man ............... name I have since forgotten. • I met a really interesting man , whose name I have since forgotten . • ND not omitted • 25 . She's the girl ................ I'm sharing my flat with. • She's the girl who / that I'm sharing my flat with. D omitted • 26 . My team ..... ...... ... won the cup are going to tour America. • My team , which won the cup , are going to tour America. • ND not omitted

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11.11.23 17• 27. Macbeth" is a play .. ....... ....... was written by Shakespeare. • Macbeth" is a play which / that was written by Shakespeare. • D not omitted • Use R elatives to combine the following sentences as in the example: • 1. That's the hotel. We stayed there last summer. • That's the hotel where we stayed last summer . • 2 . This is the car. He drives to work in it every day. • This is the car which he drives to work in everyday. • 3. That's the actor. He was in the film you mentioned. • That's the actor who was in the film you mentioned. • 4. She bought a brooch. It once belonged to a duchess. • She bought a brooch which once belonged to a duchess. • 5. That's the house. It was damaged in the earthquake. • That's the house which was damaged in the earthquake. • 6. They met a man. His fortune is believed to be around £3,000,000. • They met a man whose fortune is believed to be around £3,000,000.

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11.11.23 18• 7. That's the mansion. The Queen's youngest son lives there. • That's the mansion where t he Queen's youngest son lives there. • 8 . They called a woman. She was a psychic. • They called a woman who was a psychic. • 9. We went back to the cafe. I'd left my purse there. • We went back to the cafe where I'd left my purse there • 10. That's the painting. It is a Picasso masterpiece. • That's the painting which is a Picasso masterpiece

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11.11.23 19• In Other Words • That's the town I was born in. • That's the town where I was born . • That's the town which I was born in. • I bought a fridge which was faulty. • The fridge I bought was faulty . • That man gave my brother a job. • That's the man who gave my brother a job. • They let us stay, which was kind of them. • It was kind of them to let us stay. • She brought some letters but none of them for me . • She brought some letters, none of which were for me.

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11.11.23 201. This is Mr Foster; his son is a famous pianist . 2. This is Mr Foster whose son is a famous pianist. 3. Sunday is the day when she got married . 4. Sunday is the day on which she got married. 5. They arrested six men; two of them are Swiss. 6. They arrested six men, two of whom are Swiss.   Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. 1 He lost his passport, which was silly of him. • lose It was ... silly of him to lose ... his passport. • 2 That's the hotel we are staying in. • where That's .................. .... staying. • That is the hotel where we are staying.

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11.11.23 21• 3 . That woman complained to the manager. • who That's..... ..................... .. to the manager. • That's the woman who complained to the manager. • 4 . We met several people from Portsmouth, but none of them knew Dr Irons. • whom We met several people from Portsmouth, ........ Dr Irons. • We met several people from Portsmouth, none of whom knew Dr Irons . • 5 . The car we rented was very unreliable. • which We............... very unreliable. • We rented a car which was very unreliable. • 6 . Clare Spender is the author; her book became a bestseller overnight. • whose Clare Spender is............. a bestseller overnight. • Clare Spender is the author whose book became a best - seller overnight.

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11.11.23 227. We bought a kilo of apples; some of them were bruised. • which We bought a kilo of apples, ..... bruised. • We bought a kilo of apples, some of which were bruised. 8. August is the month when most people take their holidays. • which August ..................... most people take their holidays. • August is the month in which most people take their holidays. 9. She has a class of twenty students; half of them are of Canadian origin. • whom She has a class of twenty students, ............ are of Canadian origin. • She has a class of twenty students, half of whom are of Canadian origin.

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11.11.23 2310. Sue tried on some shoes but none of them fitted. • which Sue tried on some shoes, .......... fitted. • Sue tried on some shoes, none of which fitted. 11. At the film festival we saw many people; some were famous actors. • whom At the film festival we saw many people, .......... famous actors. • At the film festival we saw many people, some of whom are famous actors.